Use a VPN like Wireguard. I'd suggest putting the laptop into a DMZ, if you have a good router. If you don't...buy a 30/40€ Fujitsu Futuro S720/920 and use It as an OPNsense router (video tutorial)
Tailscale is Wireguard (or I should say it uses Wireguard, just provides automation around client config).
Well, it's a Wireguard client that connects to somebody else's server! I prefer not to let that "somebody else" enter my network. Since it's pretty easy, I run my own Wireguard server!
For the phone apps you'll have to add them by their IP address.
Depending on the app, there should be option to use server URL where you can put the server's Tailscale IP and the port.
For Jellyfin, put the Tailscale IP when it asks for server IP and port 8096 like 100.123.45.67:8096
Was your phone also on your tailscale network while you tried to access it? If a device is on a tailscale network you need to be on the same tailscale network to be able to connect to it. Which likely means you need to add your phone to your tailscale network before the apps will access the server.
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